Risk Framework
Each asset within the MahaLend Protocol has specific values related to their risk, which influences how they are supplied and borrowed within the protocol.
It is crucial for MahaLend community understand the underlying risk of each asset: assess the smart contracts security, understand the risks of centralization and market risks. Onboarded assets, onboard their risks to the MahaLend protocol. MahaLend offers new risk mitigation parameters that allow the onboarding of assets highly exposed to these risk factors with limits and isolation mode.
All the assets supported by the MahaLend protocol are added via a Governance proposal or via the Asset listing admins selected by the Mahalend Governance.
Risk Parameters Analysis
The risk parameters mitigate the market risks of the assets supported by the Mahalend protocol. Each borrow is based on an over-collateralization with a different asset that may be subject to volatility. Sufficient margins and incentives are needed for the position to remain collateralized in the event of adverse market conditions. If the value of the collateral falls below a predetermined threshold, a portion of it will be auctioned as a LIQUIDATION_BONUS to repay a portion of the debt position and keep the ongoing borrow collateralized.
Market risks can be mitigated through MahaLend's risk parameters, which define collateralisation and liquidation rules.
These parameters are calibrated on a per asset basis to account for the specific risks identified.
The Mahalend Protocol introduces risk parameters to provide a higher level of protection against insolvency.
Supply Caps
Supply caps define the maximum amount of an asset which can be supplied to the protocol. Supply caps can be used to limit the protocol’s exposure to riskier assets and protect against infinite minting exploits. A supply cap is an optional parameter, and the value will depend on on-chain liquidity of the asset and total volume of collateral assets in the pool.
Borrow Caps
Borrow caps define the maximum amount of an asset which can be borrowed. Borrow caps can be used to prevent traditional and flash borrowing of an asset which may experience a price exploit and lead to protocol insolvency. A borrow cap is an optional parameter, and the value will depend on-chain liquidity of the asset and total volume of borrowed assets in the pool.
Isolation Mode
Isolation mode can be used to limit the systemic risk of listing riskier assets. Isolation mode limits an asset to only borrow isolated stablecoins and only use a single isolated asset as collateral at a time. More info on isolation mode can be found here.
Siloed Mode
New assets with potentially manipulatable oracles (e.g., illiquid Uni V3 pairs where the price can be affected drastically by a single trade) can be listed in Siloed Mode to limit the overall risk of insolvency of the protocol. A siloed asset on the MahaLend Protocol restricts the borrower to single borrows only (i.e., a user borrowing a siloed asset cannot borrow any other asset).
eMode
Efficient Mode (”eMode”) allows assets that are correlated in price (e.g., DAI, USDC, and ARTH) to be listed in the same eMode category, which maximizes capital efficiency by allowing higher LTVs when both the borrowed and collateral asset belong to the same eMode category.
MahaLend allows RISK_ADMINS and POOL_ADMIN, selected by MahaLend Governance, to configure up to 255 eMode categories, with each EModeCategory having the following risk management parameters:
LTV (Loan to Value)
Liquidation Threshold
Liquidation Bonus
Custom price oracle (optional)
Loan to Value
The Loan to Value ("LTV") ratio defines the maximum amount of assets that can be borrowed with specific collateral. It is expressed as a percentage (e.g., at LTV=75%, for every 1 ETH worth of collateral, borrowers will be able to borrow 0.75 ETH worth of the corresponding currency). Once a borrow occurs, the LTV evolves with market conditions.
Liquidation Threshold
The liquidation threshold is the percentage at which a position is defined as undercollateralised. For example, a Liquidation threshold of 80% means that if the value rises above 80% of the collateral, the position is undercollateralised and could be liquidated.
The delta between the LTV and the Liquidation Threshold is a safety mechanism in place for borrowers.
For each wallet, the Liquidation Threshold is calculated as the weighted average of the Liquidation Thresholds of the collateral assets and their value:
Liquidation Penalty
The liquidation penalty is a fee rendered on the price of assets of the collateral when liquidators purchase it as part of the liquidation of a loan that has passed the liquidation threshold.
Liquidation Factor
The liquidation factor directs a share of the liquidation penalty to a collector contract from the ecosystem treasury.
Health Factor
For each wallet, these risks parameters enable the calculation of the health factor:
Reserve Factor
The reserve factor allocates a share of the protocol’s interests to a collector contract from the ecosystem treasury.Mahalend’s solvency risk is covered by the Safety Module, with incentives from the ecosystem reserve. As such, the Reserve Factor is a risk premium calibrated based on the overall risk of the asset. Stablecoins are the least risky assets with a lower reserve factor while volatile assets hold more risk and have a higher factor.
Collaterals
USDT and sUSD have increased risk exposure due to the risk of a single point of failure in their governance. Their counterparty risk is too high, both in terms of centralisation and trust. For this reason, they cannot warrant the solvency of the protocol. Accordingly, these assets are limited to be used as collateral in Isolation Mode. On the other hand, agEUR and jEUR are decentralised; however, these assets have little battle-testing and cannot be used as collateral.
Overall, stablecoins are used both for borrowing and as collateral, while volatile assets, which many users are long on, are mostly used as collateral. Hence, users of the protocol still benefit from adding these stablecoins, and their risks are mitigated by the fact they cannot be used as collateral.
From Risks to Risk Parameters
Market risks have the most direct impact on the risk parameters:
Liquidity
Liquidity, based on on-chain liquidity and trading volume, is key for the liquidation process. These can be mitigated through the caps and liquidation parameters (i.e., the lower the liquidity, the higher the incentives).
Volatility
Price volatility can negatively affect the collateral, which must cover liabilities and safeguard the solvency of the protocol. The risk of the collateral falls below the borrowed amounts can be mitigated through the level of coverage required through the LTV. It also affects the liquidation process as the margin for liquidators needs to allow for profit.
The least volatile currencies are stablecoins, followed by ETH. They have the highest LTV at 75%, and the highest liquidation threshold at 80%.
The most volatile assets have the lowest LTV at 35% and 40%. The liquidation thresholds are set at 65% to protect our users from a sharp drop in price, which could lead to undercollaterisation followed by liquidation.
Market Capitalisation
Market capitalisation represents the size of the market, which is key when it comes to liquidating collateral. While the risk of assets with smaller market capitalisations is more contained, it is often more volatile as these assets are generally less mature. A higher market capitalisation, among other factors, typically signals a more developed ecosystem (i.e., more liquidity on exchanges, which enables liquidations with less of an impact on price). The market capitalisation, along with liquidity, both on exchanges and on Mahalend, allows for the quantification of liquidation risks. The liquidation parameters are therefore adjusted to mitigate the risk of a high price impact liquidation for assets with smaller markets (i.e., the smaller the market cap, the higher the incentives).
Overall Risk
The overall risk rating is used to calibrate the Reserve Factor with factors ranging from 10% for the less risky assets to 35% for the riskiest.
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